Which are common clinical signs of congestive heart failure?

Congestive heart failure (CHF) presents with specific clinical signs that indicate the heart's inability to pump effectively. The symptoms identified in the correct answer—shortness of breath, swelling in the legs, fatigue, and rapid heartbeat—are typical manifestations of this condition.

Shortness of breath, or dyspnea, occurs due to fluid accumulation in the lungs as the heart fails to manage the body's blood flow properly. This fluid buildup is a direct result of the heart's reduced efficiency, leading to increased pressure in the pulmonary circulation.

Swelling in the legs, known as peripheral edema, is another common sign. As the heart struggles to pump blood, fluid can leak from blood vessels into surrounding tissues, particularly in the lower extremities.

Fatigue is a common complaint as well, as less effective circulation can lead to decreased oxygen delivery to muscles and tissues, resulting in a general feeling of weakness and tiredness. Rapid heartbeat, or tachycardia, is often the body's compensatory mechanism to maintain adequate blood flow and oxygen delivery despite the heart's compromised function.

Together, these clinical signs paint a clear picture of congestive heart failure, highlighting the physiological changes and symptoms patients often experience.